A Transformer is a static device which works on the principle of "Magnetic Induction". When an alternating supply is given to its primary winding a magnetizing current will circulate through the primary winding and set up a magnetic flux. This magnetic flux circulates through the low reluctance path provided in the transformer ( i.e., core of the transformer ) and links with the secondary winding.
As the supply given is alternating the nature of the flux produced will also be alternating. This alternating flux when links with secondary winding it induces an electro-motive force (emf) in the secondary winding according to faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, and there will be a circulation of currents in the secondary winding. The amount of emf induced will depend upon the number of turns in the primary and secondary winding.
EMF Equation of Transformer:
The EMF equation of a transformer gives the amount of emf induced in the primary and as well as in secondary windings.
Consider a transformer of N1 turns in the primary winding and N2 turns in the secondary winding. When voltage V, applied to the transformer, emf E1 induced in the primary winding will induce another emf E2 in the secondary winding by mutual induction as shown below.
The frequency of the induced emf will equal to the supply frequency f, and the magnitude of both fluxes due to magnetizing current Im will be the same as supply magnitude, i.e., sinusoidal in nature.
Let,- φ = Maximum flux in core in weber
= Maximum flux density Bm x area A - N1 = Number of primary turns
- N2 = Number of secondary turns
- f = supply frequency in Hz
- E1 = RMS value of primary induced emf
- E2 = RMS value of secondary induced emf
As the input given to the transformer will be a sinusoidal waveform. We can see that the time taken to increase the flux from zero to maximum value φm, in terms of frequency is given as 1/4f second, i.e., in a sinusoidal waveform, the maximum current which gives the maximum flux will be at 1/4f as shown in the below.
= Maximum flux density Bm x area A